Recidiva del hiperparatiroidismo secundario a enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis luego de la paratiroidectomía / Recurrence of secondary hyper¬parathyroidism in dialysis patients after parathyroidectomy

La paratiroidectomía (PTX) es la terapia de elección en el hiperparatiroidismo secundario a enfermedad renal crónica (HPT-ERC) resistente al tratamiento médico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el resultado de la PTX a largo plazo y sus factores predictores. Métodos: estudio unicéntrico retrospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron 92 pacientes con HPT-ERC en diálisis, en quienes se realizó la primera PTX en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires entre 2006 y 2015 con seguimiento ≥ 6 meses. Se consideró persistencia del HPTERC con PTH > 300 pg/ml en el semestre posoperatorio, y recidiva con PTH > 500 pg/ml luego. Resultados: edad: 43,6±12,8 años, 50% mujeres, mediana 4,6 años de diálisis, PTH preoperatoria mediana 1639 pg/ml. A 39 se les realizó PTX subtotal (PTXS) y a 53 total con autoimplante (PTXT+AI). Se observó persistencia en 16 pacientes (17,4%). Presentaron recidiva 30 de 76 pacientes con adecuada respuesta inicial (39,5%; IC 95 28,5-50,5). La mediana de tiempo hasta la recidiva fue de 4,7 años (RIC 2,3-7,5). Los pacientes con recidiva presentaron mayor calcemia preoperatoria (mediana 9,9 vs. 9,3 mg/dl, p=0,035; OR ajustado 2,79) y menor elevación de fosfatasa alcalina en el posoperatorio (333 vs. 436 UI/l, p=0,031; OR ajustado 0,99). La recidiva se presentó más frecuentemente luego de la PTXT+AI (48,9%; OR ajustado 4,66), que en la PTXS (25,8%). Conclusiones: el tiempo en diálisis con inadecuado control metabólico constituye el principal factor para la recurrencia del HPT. Se postula que la mayor calcemia preoperatoria está relacionada con un HPT más severo y se asocia a recurrencia. Llamativamente, hallamos menores elevaciones de la fosfatasa alcalina durante el posoperatorio en pacientes con recurrencia. Hipotetizamos que esto pueda asociarse con menor mineralización en el posoperatorio e hiperfosfatemia sostenida, con consecuente estímulo paratiroideo. La menor recurrencia del HPT luego de la PTXS se vincula al sesgo generado en la selección del tipo de cirugía. (AU)

Parathyroidectomy is an effective therapy for refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). Continued dialysis represents risk for recurrent sHPT. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of recurrence and determine its predictors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 92 adults in chronic dialysis, who underwent their first parathyroidectomy in this center between 2006 and 2015. We considered persistence of sHPT if PTH was > 300 pg/ml during the first postoperative semester, and recurrence if it was > 500 pg/ml afterwards. Results: Age 43.6+-12 y/o, 50% female, 4.6 years on dialysis, median preoperative PTH 1636 pg/ml (IQR 1226-2098). Subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTX) was performed in 39, Total with autotransplantation (TA-PTX) in 53 patients. Persistence of sHPT occurred in 16 patients; relapse in 30 out of 76 with adequate initially response (39.5%; 95CI 28,5-50,5). Median time to recurrence: 4.7 y. Recurring patients had higher preoperative calcemia (9.9 vs 9.3 mg/dl; adj OR 2.79) and lower postoperative elevation of ALP (333 vs 436 UI/ml; adj OR 0.99). Recurrence presented more frequently in TA-PTX (48.9%; adj OR 4.66) than sPTX (25.8%). Conclusions: Time on dialysis with inadequate metabolic control remains the most important risk factor for sHPT recurrence. Higher preoperative levels of calcemia, related to sHPT severity, are associated with recurrence. Lower elevations of ALP during postoperative period in recurring patients are an interesting finding. We hypothesize that patients with less significant postoperative mineralization may have chronically higher levels of phosphatemia, stimulating parathyroid glands. Fewer recurrence in sPTX is associated to a bias in the procedure selection. (AU)

Initial surgical results of 500 Parathyroidectomies for Hyperparathyroidism related to chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone disorder / Resultados cirúrgicos iniciais de 500 Paratireoidectomias por Hiperparatireoidismo relacionado a distúrbio mineral e ósseo da doença renal crônica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism related to chronic kidney disease is a challenging procedure even for experienced parathyroid surgeons. Over the years, adjuvant techniques have been developed to assist the medical team to improve surgical outcomes. However, medical staff in poor countries have less access to these techniques and the effectiveness of surgery in this context is unclear. Objective: verify the effectiveness of surgery for treatment of hyperparathyroidism related to chronic kidney disease without adjuvant techniques. Methods: Over a 5-years period, patients with hyperparathyroidism that had clinical therapeutic failure were evaluated for surgical treatment. Total parathyroidectomy with autograft or subtotal resection were the selected procedures. Surgeries were performed in a tertiary hospital in Brazil without the assistance of some of the adjuvant techniques that are usually applied, such as frozen section, nerve monitoring, and gamma probe. Intraoperative PTH and localization pre-operative exams were applied, but with huge restrictions. Results: A total of 518 patients with hyperparathyroidism (128 secondary and 390 tertiary) were surgically treated. Total parathyroidectomy were performed in 81.5%, subtotal in 12.4%, and 61% of patients had a surgical failure. Of all failures, only 1.4% needed a second surgery totaling 98.6% of successful initial surgical treatment. Neck hematoma and unilateral focal fold paralysis occurred in 1.9% and 1.5%, respectively. Conclusion: parathyroidectomy is a safe and reproducible surgical procedure even in the absence of adjuvant techniques.

RESUMO Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico do hiperparatireoidismo relacionado à doença renal crônica é um procedimento desafiador mesmo para cirurgiões de paratireoide experientes. Ao longo dos anos, técnicas adjuvantes foram desenvolvidas para ajudar a equipe clínica a aprimorar os desfechos cirúrgicos. Contudo, as equipes clínicas de países mais pobres têm menor acesso a tais técnicas, o que faz com que a eficácia da cirurgia nesses contextos não seja tão evidente. Objetivo: Verificar a eficácia da cirurgia para tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo relacionado à doença renal crônica, sem técnicas adjuvantes. Métodos: Ao longo de período de cinco anos, pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo cujo tratamento clínico não resultou em melhora foram avaliados para resolução cirúrgica. Os procedimentos selecionados foram paratireoidectomia total com enxerto autólogo ou ressecção subtotal. As cirurgias foram realizadas em um hospital terciário no Brasil sem o auxílio de algumas das técnicas adjuvantes geralmente aplicadas, como exame de congelação, monitorização neurofisiológica e sonda gama. Exames intraoperatórios de PTH e pré-operatório de localização foram realizados, mas com grandes restrições. Resultados: Um total de 518 pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo (128 secundários e 390 terciários) foram tratados cirurgicamente. Paratireoidectomia total foi realizada em 81,5% e subtotal em 12,4% dos casos; 61% dos pacientes apresentaram falha cirúrgica. De todas as falhas, apenas 1,4% necessitaram de uma segunda cirurgia, totalizando 98,6% de sucesso no tratamento cirúrgico inicial. Hematoma cervical e paralisia unilateral de prega vocal ocorreram em 1,9% e 1,5% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Conclusão: A paratireoidectomia é um procedimento cirúrgico seguro e reprodutível, mesmo na ausência de técnicas adjuvantes.

Fatores de risco de paratireoidectomia acidental em tireoidectomia / Risk factors for incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy

A paratireoidectomia acidental é um acontecimento frequente nas tireoidectomias. A literatura demonstra um achado de glândulas paratireoides, variando entre 6,4 por cento a 31 por cento em espécimes de exame anatomopatológico de glândula tireoide. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a quantidade de glândulas paratireoides encontradas em espécimes cirúrgicos de tireoidectomia e correlacionar com as variáveis demográficas e histopatológicas. MÉTODOS: Trabalho retrospectivo baseado nos laudos anatomopatológicos de tireoidectomias realizadas entre janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2008. RESULTADOS: O total de pacientes tireoidectomizados foi de 442, sendo o achado de glândulas paratireoides de 2,93 por cento, o que corresponde a 13 deste total. A presença de carcinoma papilífero de tireoide associado à paratireoidectomia acidental foi de 10,11 por cento contra a presença de patologia benigna de 1,4 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: O carcinoma papilífero de tireoide foi a variável associada ao maior número de paratireoidectomias acidentais.

Incidental parathyroidectomy is a common event in thyroid surgery. The literature shows a finding of parathyroid glands ranging from 6.4 percent to 31 percent in pathological specimens of the thyroid gland. OBJECTIVE: To collect the amount of parathyroid glands found in surgical specimens of thyroidectomy and correlate with the histopathological and demographic variables. METHODS: Retrospective study based on pathological reports of thyroidectomy from January 2007 to December 2008. RESULTS: 442 patients were submitted to total thyroidectomy, and 2.93 percent had parathyroid glands, which corresponded to 13 of this total. The presence of papillary thyroid carcinoma associated with incidental parathyroidectomy was 10.11 percent, compared to the benign lesion: 1.4 percent. CONCLUSION: Papillary thyroid carcinoma was the variable associated with increased number of incidental parathyroidectomy.

Surgical approach in patients with hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: total versus partial parathyroidectomy

Usually, primary hyperparathyroidism is the first endocrinopathy to be diagnosed in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, and is also the most common one. The timing of the surgery and strategy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1/hyperparathyroidism are still under debate. The aims of surgery are to: 1) correct hypercalcemia, thus preventing persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism; 2) avoid persistent hypoparathyroidism; and 3) facilitate the surgical treatment of possible recurrences. Currently, two types of surgical approach are indicated: 1) subtotal parathyroidectomy with removal of at least 3-3 K glands; and 2) total parathyroidectomy with grafting of autologous parathyroid tissue. Transcervical thymectomy must be performed with both of these procedures. Unsuccessful surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism is more frequently observed in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 than in sporadic hyperparathyroidism. The recurrence rate is strongly influenced by: 1) the lack of a pre-operative multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 diagnosis; 2) the surgeon's experience; 3) the timing of surgery; 4) the possibility of performing intra-operative confirmation (histologic examination, rapid parathyroid hormone assay) of the curative potential of the surgical procedure; and, 5) the surgical strategy. Persistent hyperparathyroidism seems to be more frequent after subtotal parathyroidectomy than after total parathyroidectomy with autologous graft of parathyroid tissue. Conversely, recurrent hyperparathyroidism has a similar frequency in the two surgical strategies. To plan further operations, it is very helpful to know all the available data about previous surgery and to undertake accurate identification of the site of recurrence.

Situação do hiperparatireoidismo secundário autônomo no Brasil: dados do censo brasileiro de paratireoidectomia / Secondary hyperparathyroidism status in Brazil: Brazilian census of parathyroidectomy

INTRODUÇÃO: O hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPS) é uma complicação comum e grave no curso da doença renal crônica (DRC), com impacto direto sobre a morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes. Apesar dos avanços no tratamento clínico do HPS a falência terapêutica ocorre em parcela significativa dos pacientes. Nesses casos, a paratireoidectomia (PTx) é indicada. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho visa abordar a situação atual no Brasil de pacientes com HPS em hemodiálise com indicação de PTx. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, descritivo, com dados obtidos de questionário enviado a 660 centros de diálise (CD). RESULTADOS: Os resultados estão expressos em valores absolutos, médias e desvio padrão; 226 (34 por cento) CD responderam ao questionário, representando 32.264 pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). A prevalência de pacientes com paratormônio (PTH) > 1.000pg/mL foi de 3.463 (10,7 por cento). Em 49 (21,7 por cento) CD não é possível encaminhar os pacientes para PTx. Cerca de 40 por cento dos serviços que realizam PTx são ligados a centros universitários. Em 74 (33 por cento) CD o tempo de espera para que um paciente seja operado é superior a 6 meses. Foram contabilizados 68 serviços que realizam PTx. Os principais problemas relacionados para a realização de PTx foram: dificuldades com a realização dos exames pré-operatórios, escassez de cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço, e longa fila de espera. CONCLUSÕES: a prevalência de HPS grave é elevada em nosso meio. Uma parcela significativa de pacientes não tem acesso ao tratamento cirúrgico. Uma melhor organização das políticas de saúde pública, além de um maior entrosamento entre nefrologistas e cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço, em torno dessa questão, são necessários para a mudança dessa realidade.

INTRODUCTION: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a common and serious complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with a negative impact on morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in the clinical management of SHP, treatment failure still occurs in a significant number of patients. In such cases, parathyroidectomy (PTx) is indicated. OBJECTIVE: To have an overview of the prevalence of severe SHP and of its surgical treatment in hemodialysis (HD) patients in Brazil. METHODS: This was an observational and descriptive study. Data were obtained from questionnaires posted to 660 dialysis units (DU). RESULTS: Results are expressed in absolute values and percentages, or means and standard deviation, as appropriate. 226 (34 percent) DU answered the questionnaire, providing data about 32,264 HD patients. The prevalence rate of severe SHP (PTH > 1,000 pg/mL) was 10.7 percent (n = 3,463). 68 hospitals countrywide perform PTX. Around 40 percent of them are university centers. 49 (21.7 percent) DU reported not to have a specialized medical center to refer their patients with severe SHP. 74 (33 percent) DU reported that the time interval between surgery indication and its performance was over 6 months. The main recognized obstacles to surgery performance were: difficulty to perform the preoperative exams, lack of head and neck surgeons and the long waiting time. CONCLUSIONS: Although severe SHP is highly prevalent in Brazil, a significant number of patients do not have access to PTx. Better public health policies and liaison between nephrologists and head and neck surgeons are urgently required to change this reality.

Incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid resection: incidence, risk factors, and outcome

Thyroidectomy is a commonly performed procedure for thyroid problems. Inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands is one of its recognized complications, which occurs more frequently in certain high-risk patients. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence, risk factors, and clinical relevance of incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery. A retrospective review of thyroid operations performed at a tertiary referral hospital between January 2004 and December 2008. Pathology reports were reviewed to identify the specimens that included parathyroid tissue and underlying thyroid pathology. Postoperative calcium levels were reviewed in these patients. During the study period, 287 thyroidectomies were performed and 47 [16.4%] patients had incidentally removed parathyroid glands. Risk factors for inadvertent parathyroid resection included total thyroidectomy [P=.0001], Hashimoto thyroiditis [P=.004], and extrathyroidal spread [P=.0003]. Postoperative hypocalcemia occurred in 18 [38.3%] of the patients in whom the parathyroid gland was removed inadvertently and in 48 [20%] of the rest of the patients [P=.0123]. The incidence of incidental removal of parathyroid tissue during thyroidectomy is 16.4%. Total thyroidectomy, extrathyroidal extension of the tumor, and thyroiditis were found to be the risk factors. Hypocalcemia was significantly higher among patients who had inadvertent parathyroidectomy

Effect of parathyroidectomy on patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism [retrospective study]

The aim of this work was to study the effect of parathyroidectomy on patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism. A total number of 10 patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism manifestations underwent parathyroidctomy, where the patients with adenoma of parathyroid gland underwent excision of adenoma or multiple adenoma, and patients with hyperplasia of parathyroid gland underwent total parathyroidectomy and implantation of a part of one parathyroid gland into the sternomastoid muscle. There were significant changes in clinical and labortatory values between pre- and post-operative measures in both types of patients [adenoma and hyperplasia] where there were significant decrease in serum cacium, serum alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone [P.T.H] and great changes in preoperative manifestations. From this study we can concluded that the optimal treatment of tertiay hyperparathyroidism is surgical excision of edenoma or adenomas, or total parathyroidectomy and transplantation of a part of one gland into the sternomastoid muscle in case of hyperplasia of parathyroid gland